Protein-repellent nanocomposite with rechargeable calcium and phosphate for long-term ion release

Abstract

Objective: There has been no report on the effect of incorporating protein repellent 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) into a composite containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) on calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion rechargeability. The objectives of this study were to develop a Ca and P ion-rechargeable and protein-repellent composite for the first time, and investigate the effects of MPC and NACP on mechanical properties, protein-repellency, anti-biofilm effects, and Ca and P ion recharge and re-release.

Methods: NACP were synthesized using a spray-drying technique. The resin contained ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA) and pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM). Three NACP composites were made with 0 (control), 1.5%, and 3% of MPC. NACP (20%) and glass particles (50%) were also added into the resin. Protein adsorption was measured using a micro-bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method. A human saliva microcosm biofilm model was used to determine biofilm metabolic activity, lactic acid, and colony-forming units (CFU). Ca and P ion recharge and re-release were measured using a spectrophotometric method.

Results: Flexural strengths and moduli of CaP-rechargeable composites matched those of a commercial composite without CaP rechargeability (p>0.1). Adding 1.5% and 3% MPC reduced protein adsorption to 1/3 and 1/5, respectively, that of commercial composite (p<0.05). Adding 3% MPC suppressed biofilm metabolic activity and lactic acid production, and reduced biofilm CFU by nearly 2 logs. All three NACP composites had excellent ion rechargeability and higher levels of ion re-releases. One recharge yielded continuous ion release for 21 days. The release was maintained at the same level with increasing number of recharge cycles, indicating long-term ion release. Incorporation of MPC did not compromise the CaP ion rechargeability.

Significance: Incorporating 3% MPC into NACP nanocomposite greatly reduced protein adsorption, biofilm growth and lactic acid, decreasing biofilm CFU by nearly 2 logs, without compromising Ca and P recharge. This protein-repellent NACP-MPC rechargeable composite with long-term remineralization is promising for tooth restorations to inhibit secondary caries.

Keywords: Calcium phosphate nanoparticles; Dental composite; Long-term ion recharge; Oral biofilms; Protein-repellent; Remineralization.