Impacts of prescribed fires and benefits from their reduction for air quality, health and visibility in the Pacific Northwest of the United States

Abstract

Using a WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ modeling framework, we investigate the impacts of smoke from prescribed fires on model performance, regional and local air quality, health impacts, and visibility in protected natural environments using three different prescribed fire emission scenarios - 100% fire, no fire, and 30% fire. The 30% fire case reflects a 70% reduction in fire activities due to harvesting of logging residues for use as a feedstock for a potential aviation biofuel supply chain. Overall model performance improves for several performance metrics when fire emissions are included, especially for organic carbon, irrespective of the model goals and criteria used. This effect on model performance is more pronounced for the rural and remote IMPROVE sites for organic carbon and total PM_2.5. A reduction in prescribed fire emissions (30% fire case) results in significant improvement in air quality in areas in western Oregon, northern Idaho and western Montana where most prescribed fires occur. Prescribed burning contributes to visibility impairment and a relatively large portion of protected class I areas will benefit from a reduced emission scenario. For the haziest 20% days, prescribed burning is an important source of visibility impairment and approximately 50% of IMPROVE sites in the model domain show a significant improvement in visibility for the reduced fire case. Using BenMAP, a health impact assessment tool, we show that several hundred additional deaths, several thousand upper and lower respiratory symptom cases, several hundred bronchitis cases, and more than 35,000 work day losses can be attributed to prescribed fires and these health impacts decrease by 25-30% when a 30% fire emission scenario is considered. Implications This study assesses the potential regional and local air quality, public health and visibility impacts from prescribed burning activities as well as benefits that can be achieved by a potential reduction in emissions for a scenario where biomass is harvested for conversion to biofuel. As prescribed burning activities become more frequent, they can be more detrimental for air quality and health. Forest residue based biofuel industry can be source of cleaner fuel with co-benefits of improved air quality, reduction in health impacts and improved visibility.