Fibrosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis revisited: Establishing standard medium-term chemically-induced male and female models

PLoS One. 2018 Sep 13;13(9):e0203879. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203879. eCollection 2018.

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma causes ~10% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide, usually emerging in a background of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis (70%-90% of cases). Chemically-induced mouse models for fibrosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis are widely-applied, resembling the corresponding human disease. Nonetheless, a long time is necessary for the development of preneoplastic/neoplastic lesions. Thus, we proposed an early fibrosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis model for male and female mice separately, focusing on reducing the experimental time for preneoplastic/neoplastic lesions development and establishing standard models for both sexes. Then, two-week old susceptible C3H/HeJ male and female mice (n = 8 animals/sex/group) received a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 10 or 50 mg/Kg). During 2 months, mice received 3 weekly doses of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 10% corn oil solution, 0.25 to 1.50 μL/g b.wt.) and they were euthanized at week 17. DEN/CCl4 protocols for males and females displayed clear liver fibrosis, featuring collagen accumulation and hepatic stellate cell activation (α-SMA). In addition, liver from males displayed increased CD68+ macrophage number, COX-2 protein expression and IL-6 levels. The DEN/CCl4 models in both sexes impaired antioxidant defense as well as enhanced hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, DEN/CCl4-treated male and female developed multiple preneoplastic altered hepatocyte foci and hepatocellular adenomas. As expected, the models showed clear male bias. Therefore, we established standard and suitable fibrosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis models for male and female mice, shortening the experimental time for the development of hepatocellular preneoplastic/neoplastic lesions in comparison to other classical models.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Carbon Tetrachloride
  • Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* / metabolism
  • Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* / pathology
  • Diethylnitrosamine
  • Disease Susceptibility
  • Female
  • Liver / metabolism
  • Liver / pathology
  • Liver Cirrhosis* / metabolism
  • Liver Cirrhosis* / pathology
  • Liver Neoplasms, Experimental* / metabolism
  • Liver Neoplasms, Experimental* / pathology
  • Male
  • Mice, Inbred C3H
  • Sex Characteristics

Substances

  • Diethylnitrosamine
  • Carbon Tetrachloride

Grants and funding

Guilherme R. Romualdo was recipient of a fellowship and grants from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (grant #140251/2016-2) and São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (grant #2016/12015-0). Luis F. Barbisan was recipient of support research from FAPESP (grant #2016/14420-0). FAPESP—http://www.fapesp.br/, CNPq—http://cnpq.br/. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.