Neonatal nutritional status means great significance for health, safety and thriving growth of neonates. Therefore, clinical evaluation of neonatal nutritional status is of great significance. In order to find effective judgment basis and curative effect evaluation index that reflect nutritional status of neonate. In this study randomly selected 2400 cases of premature infants from neonates born during June 2014 - June 2015 as study group, and selected 2000 normal neonates born in the same period as reference group. A comparative study was done on basic situation of the two indexes of retinol binding protein and prealbumin of the two groups of neonates. Results showed that retinol binding protein index of observation group infants was relatively low, when compared to reference group neonates, differences between the two groups P<0.05, with statistical significance. Medical personnel timely provided intravenous nutrition therapy for observation group infants and measure their index of retinol binding protein and prealbumin after 7 days of treatment, finding obvious improvement compared to the previous one. Neonatal nutritional status improved significantly, with difference between the two groups P<0.05, with statistical value. Hence, it is not difficult to conclude that timely index detection of retinol binding protein and prealbumin of neonates means important significance for neonatal nutrition evaluation, improvement in quality level of neonatal life, and thus is recommended to be promoted in clinical application.