Ophthalmoplegia can be caused by multiple etiologies. There are restrictive, paretic, neurologic, and myasthenic conditions that can lead to reduced mobility of the eyes that at first glance may be difficult to discern from one another. While the examiner may be tempted to order various lab tests and scans to reach a diagnosis, the assessment of ophthalmoplegia by clinical examination alone can often provide enough information to determine the etiology, or at least rule out causes that can spare the patient and facility from unnecessary time-consuming and costly tests. This article will discuss the definition of ophthalmoplegia as well as various techniques that can be performed in the clinical setting that may help distinguish its underlying causes.
Keywords: Ophthalmoplegia; diagnostic techniques; paretic strabismus; restrictive strabismus; supranuclear.