The term "non-coding RNA" (ncRNA) is generally used to indicate RNA that does not encode a protein and includes several classes of RNAs, such as microRNA and long non-coding RNA. Several lines of evidence suggest that ncRNAs appear to be involved in a hidden layer of biological procedures that control various levels of gene expression in physiology and development including stem cell biology. Stem cells have recently constituted a revolution in regenerative medicine by providing the possibility of generating suitable cell types for therapeutic use. Here, we review the recent progress that has been made in elaborating the interaction between ncRNAs and tissue/cancer stem cells, discuss related technical and biological challenges, and highlight plausible solutions to surmount these difficulties. This review particularly emphasises the involvement of ncRNAs in stem cell biology and in vivo modulation to treat and cure specific pathological disorders especially in cancer. We believe that a better understanding of the molecular machinery of ncRNAs as related to pluripotency, cellular reprogramming, and lineage-specific differentiation is essential for progress of cancer therapy.
Keywords: CD, cytosine deaminase; CSC, cancer stem cell; EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition; ESCs, embryonic stem cells; MET, mesenchymal to epithelial transition; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; Non-coding RNA; Stem cell-based therapy; T-UCR, transcribed ultraconserved region; Transcribed ultraconserved region; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells; lincRNA, long inverting non-coding RNA; lncRNA, long ncRNA; miRNAs, microRNAs; ncRNAs, non-coding RNAs.