The effect of walking speed on the foot inter-segment kinematics, ground reaction forces and lower limb joint moments

Dong Sun; Gusztáv Fekete; Qichang Mei; Yaodong Gu

doi:10.7717/peerj.5517

The effect of walking speed on the foot inter-segment kinematics, ground reaction forces and lower limb joint moments

PeerJ. 2018 Aug 23:6:e5517. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5517. eCollection 2018.

Authors

Dong Sun^{1

2

3}, Gusztáv Fekete^{2

3}, Qichang Mei^{1

4}, Yaodong Gu^{1

4}

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
² Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary.
³ Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Lorand University, Szombathely, Hungary.
⁴ Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Abstract

Background: Normative foot kinematic and kinetic data with different walking speeds will benefit rehabilitation programs and improving gait performance. The purpose of this study was to analyze foot kinematics and kinetics differences between slow walking (SW), normal walking (NW) and fast walking (FW) of healthy subjects.

Methods: A total of 10 healthy male subjects participated in this study; they were asked to carry out walks at a self-selected speed. After measuring and averaging the results of NW, the subjects were asked to perform a 25% slower and 25% faster walk, respectively. Temporal-spatial parameters, kinematics of the tibia (TB), hindfoot (HF), forefoot (FF) and hallux (HX), and ground reaction forces (GRFs) were recorded while the subjects walked at averaged speeds of 1.01 m/s (SW), 1.34 m/s (NW), and 1.68 m/s (FW).

Results: Hindfoot relative to tibia (HF/TB) and forefoot relative to hindfoot (FF/HF) dorsiflexion (DF) increased in FW, while hallux relative to forefoot (HX/FF) DF decreased. Increased peak eversion (EV) and peak external rotation (ER) in HF/TB were observed in FW with decreased peak supination (SP) in FF/HF. GRFs were increased significantly with walking speed. The peak values of the knee and ankle moments in the sagittal and frontal planes significantly increased during FW compared with SW and NW.

Discussion: Limited HF/TB and FF/HF motion of SW was likely compensated for increased HX/FF DF. Although small angle variation in HF/TB EV and FF/HF SP during FW may have profound effects for foot kinetics. Higher HF/TB ER contributed to the FF push-off the ground while the center of mass (COM) progresses forward in FW, therefore accompanied by higher FF/HF abduction in FW. Increased peak vertical GRF in FW may affected by decreased stance duration time, the biomechanical mechanism maybe the change in vertical COM height and increase leg stiffness. Walking speed changes accompanied with modulated sagittal plane ankle moments to alter the braking GRF during loading response. The findings of foot kinematics, GRFs, and lower limb joint moments among healthy males may set a reference to distinguish abnormal and pathological gait patterns.

Keywords: Foot kinematics; Kinetics; Multi-segment foot model; Walking speed.

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772423), K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University, and National Social Science Foundation of China (16BTY085). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.