Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus from Backyard Poultry Farms and Live Bird Markets in Kenya

Irene N Ogali; Lucy W Wamuyu; Jacqueline K Lichoti; Erick O Mungube; Bernard Agwanda; Sheila C Ommeh

doi:10.1155/2018/2368597

Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus from Backyard Poultry Farms and Live Bird Markets in Kenya

Int J Microbiol. 2018 Aug 5:2018:2368597. doi: 10.1155/2018/2368597. eCollection 2018.

Authors

Irene N Ogali^{1

2}, Lucy W Wamuyu², Jacqueline K Lichoti³, Erick O Mungube¹, Bernard Agwanda⁴, Sheila C Ommeh²

Affiliations

¹ Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 32-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya.
² Institute of Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
³ Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, Kangemi, Nairobi 00625, Kenya.
⁴ Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

Abstract

Newcastle disease (ND) is a serious disease of poultry that causes significant economic losses. Despite rampant ND outbreaks that occur annually in Kenya, the information about the NDV circulating in Kenya is still scarce. We report the first countrywide study of NDV in Kenya. Our study is aimed at evaluating the genetic characteristics of Newcastle disease viruses obtained from backyard poultry in farms and live bird markets in different regions of Kenya. We sequenced and analyzed fusion (F) protein gene, including the cleavage site, of the obtained viruses. We aligned and compared study sequences with representative NDV of different genotypes from GenBank. The fusion protein cleavage site of all the study sequences had the motif 112RRQKRFV118 indicating their velogenic nature. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NDV from various sites in Kenya was highly similar genetically and that it clustered together with NDV of genotype V. The study samples were 96% similar to previous Ugandan and Kenyan viruses grouped in subgenotype Vd This study points to possible circulation of NDV of similar genetic characteristics between backyard poultry farms and live bird markets in Kenya. The study also suggests the possible spread of velogenic NDV between Kenya and Uganda possibly through cross-border live bird trade. Our study provides baseline information on the genetic characteristics of NDV circulating in the Kenyan poultry population. This highlights the need for the ND control programmes to place more stringent measures on cross-border trade of live bird markets and poultry products to prevent the introduction of new strains of NDV that would otherwise be more difficult to control.