The Importance of 4th Generation HIV Testing in an Urban Emergency Department

Abstract

Early Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (eAHI) diagnosis, via 4th generation testing methodology, presents an opportunity for earlier detection and immediate linkage to care for infected persons. We report on two patients with high-risk behaviors for HIV infection, presenting with atypical symptoms of eAHI in an urban Emergency Department (ED). This case report should raise the index of suspicion for HIV among ED physicians as well as underscore the importance of reducing HIV transmission through earlier detection. Universal screening of patients aged 13-64, incorporating new HIV diagnostic algorithms, is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). By employing the 4th generation HIV testing methodology, we can potentially diagnose HIV infection earlier compared to older testing methodologies. Currently, 3rd generation HIV testing is used to detect the presence of HIV antibodies, generally through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, detection of HIV antibodies can take anywhere from 3 to 12 weeks, depending on the individual and testing modality used. This newer diagnostic paradigm enables earlier identification of newly infected individuals. Early HIV detection allows for linkage to care and the administration of effective treatment modalities shortly thereafter. As HIV transmission is highest during its initial acquisition, early detection and linkage to care has been shown to be an efficient method to decrease transmission through subsequent changes in behaviors of those infected.

Keywords: 4th generation HIV testing modality; Acute human immunodeficiency virus; Emergency department; Linkage to care.