All-Solution-Processed Pure Formamidinium-Based Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes

Abstract

All-solution-processed pure formamidinium-based perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with record performance are successfully realized. It is found that the FAPbBr₃ device is hole dominant. To achieve charge carrier balance, on the anode side, PEDOT:PSS 8000 is employed as the hole injection layer, replacing PEDOT:PSS 4083 to suppress the hole current. On the cathode side, the solution-processed ZnO nanoparticle (NP) is used as the electron injection layer in regular PeLEDs to improve the electron current. With the smallest ZnO NPs (2.9 nm) as electron injection layer (EIL), the solution-processed PeLED exhibits a highest forward viewing power efficiency of 22.3 lm W^-1 , a peak current efficiency of 21.3 cd A^-1 , and an external quantum efficiency of 4.66%. The maximum brightness reaches a record 1.09 × 10⁵ cd m^-2 . A record lifetime T₅₀ of 436 s is achieved at the initial brightness of 10 000 cd m^-2 . Not only do PEDOT:PSS 8000 HIL and ZnO NPs EIL modulate the injected charge carriers to reach charge balance, but also they prevent the exciton quenching at the interface between the charge injection layer and the light emission layer. The subbandgap turn-on voltage is attributed to Auger-assisted energy up-conversion process.

Keywords: ZnO nanoparticles; all-solution process; charge balance; formamidinium-based perovskite light-emitting diodes; subgap electroluminescence.