Obesity-related cellular stressors regulate gonadotropin releasing hormone gene expression via c-Fos/AP-1

Abstract

Obesity is a risk factor for infertility, but mechanisms underlying this risk are unclear. Fertility is regulated by hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone, encoded by the Gnrh1 gene. Because obesity promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we sought to determine how tunicamycin-induced ER stress affected Gnrh1 gene expression in the mouse hypothalamic cell line GT1-7. Tunicamycin repressed expression of Gnrh1 in a PKC- and JNK-dependent manner, while upregulating expression of a known Gnrh1 repressor, Fos. Obesity is associated with increased circulating free fatty acids, and exposure to palmitate promoted ER stress and inflammation. Fos expression increased with palmitate dose, but Gnrh1 expression was upregulated with low-dose palmitate and repressed with high-dose palmitate. Using a small molecule inhibitor, we determined that AP-1 was required for Gnrh1 repression by high-dose palmitate or tunicamycin-induced ER stress. These findings suggest that hypogonadism driven by decreased hypothalamic GnRH may be a component of obesity-related infertility.

Keywords: ER stress; GnRH; Hypothalamus; Infertility; Obesity; Palmitate.