1 Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
2 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.
3 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
4 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Okinawa Prefectural Chubu Hospital, Okinawa, Japan; Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.