In utero exposure to tobacco smoke, subsequent cardiometabolic risks, and metabolic syndrome among U.S. adolescents

Abstract

Purpose: Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, little is known regarding in utero smoke exposure and offspring cardiometabolic risk. Thus, we examined the association between in utero smoke exposure and cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents.

Methods: Participants included 7464 adolescents aged 12-15 years identified from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2014). Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses estimated sex-specific means and odds ratios (ORs) for the association between in utero smoke exposure and MetS and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Results: MetS prevalence was 9.0% in exposed versus 5.9% in unexposed adolescents. In utero smoke exposure was significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among males in models controlling for adolescent age, maternal age, and race/ethnicity (OR: 2.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.19, 5.20), with attenuation of this effect in subsequent models. In utero smoke exposure was associated with significantly elevated mean body mass index and waist circumference percentiles among female adolescents across most models in regression analyses.

Conclusions: In utero smoke exposure appears to be associated with an increased likelihood of high waist circumference and body mass index percentiles, especially among female adolescents. Our study demonstrates the long-term cardiometabolic impact in offspring, highlighting the importance of prepregnancy smoking cessation.

Keywords: Adolescent; Metabolic syndrome X; Pregnancy; Smoking; Tobacco; Waist circumference.