Lack of a consistent PM10 (particulate matter smaller than 10 μm) database at high spatial resolution hinders in assessing the environmental impact of PM10 in India. Here we propose an alternate approach to estimate the PM10 database. Aerosol extinction coefficients at the surface are calculated from midvisible aerosol optical depth from MERRA-2 reanalysis data using characteristics vertical profiles from CALIOP and then are converted to PM10 mass using aerosol property information and microphysical data. The retrieved PM10 are bias-corrected and evaluated ( R2 = 0.85) against coincident ground-based data maintained under the Central Pollution Control Board network. PM10 exposure exceeds Indian annual air quality standard in 72.3% districts. Transition in PM10 exposure from the monsoon (Jun-Sep) to postmonsoon season (Oct-Nov) translates to 1-2% higher all-cause mortality risk over the polluted Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB). Mortality risk increases in the central to eastern IGB and central India and reduces in Delhi national capital region in the winter (Dec-Feb) relative to the postmonsoon season. Mortality risk decreases by 0.5-1.8% in most parts of India in the premonsoon season (Mar-May). Our results quantify the vulnerability in terms of seasonal transition in all-cause mortality risks due to PM10 exposure at district level for the first time in India.