Currently psychiatric diagnoses are solely based on clinical psychopathological criteria, and do not involve objective biological markers. However, a wealth of neuropsychiatric research supports, that schizophrenia is both clinically and biologically a heterogeneous syndrome. Perspectives for neurobiological subgrouping of patients with schizophrenia, targeted treatment regimens as well as clarification of early causal risk factors envision, that in the coming years objective neuropsychiatric paradigms will be implemented in clinical practice.