Satiety and gastrointestinal hormones during a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test after gastric bypass surgery: association with plasma amino acid concentrations

Abstract

Background: Circulating amino acids have been associated with both appetite and the secretion of anorexigenic hormones in healthy and obese populations. This effect has not been investigated in subjects having undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB).

Objective: To investigate the association between postprandial plasma concentrations of amino acids and the anorexigenic hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), the orexigenic hormone ghrelin, and satiety and hunger in post-RYGB subjects.

Setting: A Dutch surgical department.

Methods: Participants after primary RYGB were studied during a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test (MMTT). Satiety and hunger were assessed every 30 minutes on visual analogue scales. Blood samples were collected at baseline, every 10 minutes during the first half hour and every 30 minutes until 210 minutes after the start. The samples were assessed for 24 amino acids and 3 gastrointestinal hormones. Incremental areas under the curve (iAUCs) were calculated. Exploratory analyses were performed in which subjects were divided into high and low responders depending on the median iAUC.

Results: 42 subjects, aged 48 ± 11 (mean ± SD) years, 31 to 76 months post-RYGB and with total weight loss of 30 ± 9% completed the MMTT. Subjects with high satiety scores had more than a 25% higher net iAUC of PYY and GLP-1 and at least a 10% higher net iAUC of 10 amino acids compared to subjects with low scores (P < 0.05). The net iAUC of five of these amino acids (i.e. arginine, asparagine, histidine, serine and threonine) was more than 10% higher in subjects with high responses on GLP-1 and/or PYY (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: Certain postprandial amino acids were associated with satiety and anorexigenic hormones and could therefore play a role in appetite regulation after RYGB; either by a direct effect on satiety, indirectly through gastrointestinal hormones, or both.

Keywords: Amino acids; Appetite; Gastrointestinal hormones; Glucagon-like peptide-1; Hunger; Peptide tyrosine tyrosine; Protein; Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; Satiety.