Background & aims: Effective therapeutic approaches are urgently required to tackle the alarmingly poor survival outcomes in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients. EAC originates from within the intestinal-type metaplasia, Barrett's esophagus, a condition arising on a background of gastroesophageal reflux disease and associated inflammation.
Methods: This study used a druggable genome small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening library of 6022 siRNAs in conjunction with bioinformatics platforms, genomic studies of EAC tissues, somatic variation data of EAC from The Cancer Genome Atlas data of EAC, and pathologic and functional studies to define novel EAC-associated, and targetable, immune factors.
Results: By using a druggable genome library we defined genes that sustain EAC cell growth, which included an unexpected immunologic signature. Integrating Cancer Genome Atlas data with druggable siRNA targets showed a striking concordance and an EAC-specific gene amplification event associated with 7 druggable targets co-encoded at Chr6p21.1. Over-representation of immune pathway-associated genes supporting EAC cell growth included leukemia inhibitory factor, complement component 1, q subcomponent A chain (C1QA), and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which were validated further as targets sharing downstream signaling pathways through genomic and pathologic studies. Finally, targeting the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2-, C1q-, and leukemia inhibitory factor-activated signaling pathways (TYROBP-spleen tyrosine kinase and JAK-STAT3) with spleen tyrosine kinase and Janus-activated kinase inhibitor fostamatinib R788 triggered EAC cell death, growth arrest, and reduced tumor burden in NOD scid gamma mice.
Conclusions: These data highlight a subset of genes co-identified through siRNA targeting and genomic studies of expression and somatic variation, specifically highlighting the contribution that immune-related factors play in support of EAC development and suggesting their suitability as targets in the treatment of EAC.
Keywords: ATCC, American Type Culture Collection; BE, Barrett’s esophagus; Barrett’s Esophagus; EAC, esophageal adenocarcinoma; ERBB2, erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; Esophageal Adenocarcinoma; FCS, fetal calf serum; GEM, gene expression microarray; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; GO, gene ontology; HGD, high-grade dysplastic; IL, interleukin; Inflammation; JAK-STAT, Janus kinase/signal transducer-and-activator of transcription; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SV, somatic variation; SYK, spleen tyrosine kinase; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; TREM2, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2; Therapeutic Targets; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A; mRNA, messenger RNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA.