YC‑1 reduces inflammatory responses by inhibiting nuclear factor‑κB translocation in mice subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia

Mol Med Rep. 2018 Aug;18(2):2043-2051. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9178. Epub 2018 Jun 15.

Abstract

3‑(5‑hydroxymethyl‑2‑furyl)‑1‑benzyl‑indazole (YC‑1) is understood to protect against ischemic stroke, but the molecular basis for its neuroprotection remains to be fully characterized. The present study investigated the influence of YC‑1 on inflammatory responses following experimental stroke. Previous studies indicated that nuclear factor (NF)‑κB‑driven signals serve a pivotal role in mediating inflammatory responses following stroke. Ischemic stroke results in activation of NF‑κB to induce gene expression of factors including inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The results of the present study demonstrated that YC‑1 effectively reduced brain infarction and brain edema, and improved blood‑brain barrier leakage. Additionally, animals treated with YC‑1 exhibited significant reductions in neutrophil and macrophage infiltration into the ischemic brain. Furthermore, YC‑1 effectively inhibited NF‑κB translocation and binding activity, and the activity and expression of MMP‑9 following ischemic stroke. In conclusion, YC‑1 may effectively attenuate NF‑κB‑induced inflammatory damage following cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Brain Edema / metabolism*
  • Brain Edema / pathology
  • Brain Ischemia / pathology
  • Indazoles
  • Interleukin-1beta / metabolism
  • Interleukin-6 / metabolism
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / metabolism
  • Mice
  • NF-kappa B / metabolism*
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / metabolism
  • Rats
  • Rats, Sprague-Dawley
  • Reperfusion Injury / metabolism*
  • Reperfusion Injury / pathology
  • Stroke / metabolism*
  • Stroke / pathology

Substances

  • IL1B protein, mouse
  • IL1B protein, rat
  • Il6 protein, rat
  • Indazoles
  • Interleukin-1beta
  • Interleukin-6
  • NF-kappa B
  • interleukin-6, mouse
  • 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
  • Nos2 protein, mouse
  • Nos2 protein, rat
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
  • Mmp9 protein, mouse
  • Mmp9 protein, rat