Given the ageing population worldwide and the consequent epidemiological transitions, dementia and related disorders are areas of increasing public health concern in developing countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, this issue is beginning to emerge. A literature review about epidemiology of dementia in these countries has been carried out. Few population-based studies conducted in Africa estimated prevalence from 2.3 % in Nigeria to 8.8 % in Central African Republic. However, the tests and criteria that were used are still not standardized. Further studies are needed to investigate possible diferences between urban and rural areas and the risk factors for dementia. Sub-Saharan Africa will soon face an important challenge for the management of these patients.