Perioperative hyperglycemia is a risk factor for surgical site infections (SSI). Although the recommended target blood glucose level (BG) is 140-180 mg/dL for critically ill patients, recent studies conducted in patients undergoing surgery showed a significant benefit of intensive insulin therapy for the management of perioperative hyperglycemia. The aim of the present review is to evaluate the benefits of strict glycemic control for reducing SSI in gastroenterological surgery. We carried out a post-hoc analysis of the previously published data from research on the risk factors for SSI. The highest BG within 24 hours after surgery was evaluated. A total of 1555 patients were enrolled in the study. In multivariate analysis, a dose-response relationship between the level of hyperglycemia and the odds of SSI was demonstrated when compared with the reference group (≤150 mg/dL) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-2.49 for 150-200 mg/dL; and OR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.40-3.29 for >200 mg/dL). Unexpectedly, hyperglycemia was not a significant risk factor for SSI among diabetes patients. By contrast, non-diabetes patients with a BG of >150 mg/dL were found to have increased odds of SSI. In conclusion, a target BG of ≤150 mg/dL is recommended in patients without diabetes who undergo gastroenterological surgery. Additional study is required to determine an optimal target BG in diabetes patients. Because of the risk of hypoglycemia, a conventional protocol is indicated for patients admitted to the general ward where frequent glucose measurement is not assured.
Keywords: diabetes; gastroenterological surgery; hyperglycemia; surgical site infection; tight glycemic control.