Classical organic anode materials for Na-ion batteries are mostly based on conjugated carboxylate compounds, which can stabilize added electrons by the double-bond reformation mechanism. Now, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (C8 H12 O4 , CHDA) with a non-conjugated ring (-C6 H10 -) connected with carboxylates is shown to undergo electrochemical reactions with two Na ions, delivering a high charge specific capacity of 284 mA h g-1 (249 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles), and good rate performance. First-principles calculations indicate that hydrogen-transfer-mediated orbital conversion from antibonding π* to bonding σ stabilize two added electrons, and reactive intermediate with unpaired electron is suppressed by localization of σ-bonds and steric hindrance. An advantage of CHDA as an anode material is good reversibility and relatively constant voltage. A large variety of organic non-conjugated compounds are predicted to be promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
Keywords: electrochemical performance; first-principles calculations; hydrogen bonding; organic anode materials; sodium-ion batteries.
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