Entropy measures detect increased movement variability in resistance training when elite rugby players use the ball

Abstract

Objectives: This study described the variability in acceleration during a resistance training task, performed in horizontal inertial flywheels without (NOBALL) or with the constraint of catching and throwing a rugby ball (BALL).

Design and methods: Twelve elite rugby players (mean±SD: age 25.6±3.0years, height 1.82±0.07m, weight 94.0±9.9kg) performed a resistance training task in both conditions (NOBALL AND BALL). Players had five minutes of a standardized warm-up, followed by two series of six repetitions of both conditions: at the first three repetitions the intensity was progressively increased while the last three were performed at maximal voluntary effort. Thereafter, the participants performed two series of eight repetitions from each condition for two days and in a random order, with a minimum of 10min between series. The structure of variability was analysed using non-linear measures of entropy.

Results: Mean changes (%; ±90% CL) of 4.64; ±3.1g for mean acceleration and 39.48; ±36.63a.u. for sample entropy indicated likely and very likely increase when in BALL condition. Multiscale entropy also showed higher unpredictability of acceleration under the BALL condition, especially at higher time scales.

Conclusions: The application of match specific constraints in resistance training for rugby players elicit different amount of variability of body acceleration across multiple physiological time scales. Understanding the non-linear process inherent to the manipulation of resistance training variables with constraints and its motor adaptations may help coaches and trainers to enhance the effectiveness of physical training and, ultimately, better understand and maximize sports performance.

Keywords: Accelerometry; Entropy; Resistance training; Rugby.