Zika and chikungunya viruses emerged as public health emergencies in the Western Hemisphere where previously they had not been reported on a large scale. Millions were infected as the viruses met with virtually no herd immunity upon emergence.
Purpose of the review: We explore the histories of these two recent arbovirus experiences in South America. We then review similarly three endemic South American viruses: yellow fever, Oropouche, and Mayaro viruses.
Recent findings: We discuss the commonalities of the transmission systems and the possibility of an atypical emergence, that of New World virus to the Old World.
Summary: We discuss the avenues for research that would increase preparedness and efficiency of response should a South American arbovirus emerge in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Keywords: Mayaro; Oropouche; Zika; chikungunya; emerging viruses; yellow fever.