Vitamin D and Calcimimetics in Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease has earned its place as one of the leading noncommunicable diseases that has become a modern-day global epidemic. The increasing incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has added to this enormous burden, given that CKD is now recognized as an established risk factor for accelerated cardiovascular disease. In fact, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the CKD population, with significant prognostic implications. Alterations in vitamin D levels as renal function declines has been linked invariably to the development of cardiovascular disease beyond a mere epiphenomenon, and has become an important focus in recent years in our search for new therapies. Another compound, cinacalcet, which belongs to the calcimimetic class of agents, also has taken center stage over the past few years as a potential cardiovasculoprotective agent. However, given limited well-designed randomized trials to inform us, our clinical practice for the management of cardiovascular disease in CKD has not been adequately refined. This article considers the biological mechanisms, regulation, and current experimental, clinical, and trial data available to help guide the therapeutic use of vitamin D and calcimimetics in the setting of CKD and cardiovascular disease.

Keywords: Vitamin D; arterial stiffening; calcimimetics; calcium sensing receptors (CaSRs); cardiovascular; heart failure; left ventricular function; vascular calcification.