The increasing number of transplants performed worldwide and the growing global mobility with migration and travel to and from developing countries and tropical areas are bringing new challenges for the management of transplant infectious diseases, previously less commonly seen, such as Leishmaniasis. However, in this scenario there is a lack of information and the current knowledge is based on a few studies. The selection of the most appropriate treatment depends on various factors, such as patient profile, Leishmania species, disease extent, drug availability, concomitant infections and previous treatments. Therapeutic options may include different formulations of amphotericin B, pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine and paromomycin, among others. These drugs can be used alone or in combination. Areas covered: This review is a practical guide for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) specific treatment in solid organ transplant recipients (SOT), including therapeutic options and assessment of therapy response. Expert commentary: The main challenges for treatment of leishmaniasis in SOT recipients are related to the duration of therapy, curative criteria and secondary prophylaxis. Immunosuppression dose reduction is often recommended, but such decisions must be made on an individual basis. At present, Liposomal Amphotericin B is the best choice for treatment and prophylaxis.
Keywords: Visceral leishmaniasis; endemic diseases; leishmaniasis treatment; parasitic infections; protozoan infections; solid- organ transplant recipients.