Ultrasound (US) treatment coupled with membrane filtration has been utilized for membrane fouling control in water treatment; however, large-scale implementation of ultrasonic cleaning equipment appeared to be cost-prohibitive. In this study, a porous lead zirconate titanate (PZT) membrane is presented that enables in situ ultrasound generation by the application of an alternating voltage (AV) to mitigate fouling during oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion separation. We expect that this method is much more cost-effective because it is more direct, avoiding buildup of fouling and the need to take the membrane offline. Because the PZT membrane is hydrophilic, its underwater surface is oleophobic so that the accumulated oil droplets will have little affinity and hence can be removed easily by in situ-generated US. The effect of the in situ US generation on membrane fouling was investigated through variation in the excitation AV and its frequency, O/W emulsion pH, emulsified oil concentration, crossflow velocity, and transmembrane pressure. The results indicated that the in situ US generation resulted in a substantial decrease of fouling during the filtration process of O/W emulsions, whereas the membrane flux was maintained closely at its initial value.
Keywords: O/W emulsion separation; PZT (lead zirconate titanate); in situ ultrasound; membrane fouling; piezoelectric membranes.