Protective Effect of Water Extracted Spirulina maxima on Glutamate-induced Neuronal Cell Death in Mouse Hippocampal HT22 Cell

Hyeon Yong Lee; Ga Hee Ryu; Woon Yong Choi; Woo Seung Yang; Hyeon Woo Lee; Choong Je Ma

doi:10.4103/pm.pm_191_17

Protective Effect of Water Extracted Spirulina maxima on Glutamate-induced Neuronal Cell Death in Mouse Hippocampal HT22 Cell

Pharmacogn Mag. 2018 Apr-Jun;14(54):242-247. doi: 10.4103/pm.pm_191_17. Epub 2018 Apr 10.

Authors

Hyeon Yong Lee¹, Ga Hee Ryu², Woon Yong Choi², Woo Seung Yang², Hyeon Woo Lee², Choong Je Ma^{2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Teaics, Seowon University, Musimseo-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
² Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
³ Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.

Abstract

Introduction: Spirulina maxima was used as important nutritional source in the Aztec civilization because it is rich in proteins and vitamins. It contains various antioxidants such as phycocyanin and flavonoids. Based on abundant antioxidants, S. maxima is known to possess anti-inflammatory effect, especially on neuronal cells.

Materials and methods: S. maxima was extracted in water and contain of phycocyanin was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability test was performed with treatment of S. maxima extract. After, oxidative stress-related mechanisms were evaluated by detecting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca²⁺ influx, and decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) level. Then, the glutathione (GSH) related assays were conducted.

Results: The water extracted S. maxima exerted the neuroprotective activity by attenuating the ROS and Ca²⁺ formation, maintaining the MMP level, and protecting the activity of the antioxidant enzymes by increasing reduced GSH against oxidative stress compared to control.

Conclusion: The results suggested that water extracted S. maxima showed powerful neuroprotective effect through the mechanism related to antioxidant activity, able to preventing the radical-mediated cell death.

Summary: Water extracted Spirulina maxima contains C-phycocyaninWater extracted Spirulina maxima exerts neuroprotective effect on HT22 cellTo investigate the protective mechanisms, reactive oxygen species, Ca²⁺, mitochondrial membrane potential, Glutathione-related assays were performed. Abbreviations used: ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential; GSH: Glutathione; GSSG: Glutathione disulfide, oxidized glutathione; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; GR: Glutathione reductase; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; DCF-DA: 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; PBS: Phosphate buffered serum; Rho 123: Rhodamine 123; NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; DTNB: 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid, Ellman's reagent; GSSG-R: Glutathione disulfide reductase; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography.

Keywords: HT22 cell; Spirulina maxima; neuroprotection; oxidative neurotoxicity; phycocyanin.