Comparison of Two Calorie-Reduced Diets of Different Carbohydrate and Fiber Contents and a Simple Dietary Advice Aimed to Modify Carbohydrate Intake on Glycemic Control and Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial

Hamid Ghalandari; Mahdieh Kamalpour; Ashraf Alimadadi; Javad Nasrollahzadeh

doi:10.5812/ijem.12089

Comparison of Two Calorie-Reduced Diets of Different Carbohydrate and Fiber Contents and a Simple Dietary Advice Aimed to Modify Carbohydrate Intake on Glycemic Control and Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial

Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Dec 30;16(1):e12089. doi: 10.5812/ijem.12089. eCollection 2018 Jan.

Authors

Hamid Ghalandari¹, Mahdieh Kamalpour¹, Ashraf Alimadadi², Javad Nasrollahzadeh¹

Affiliations

¹ MSc, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, National Nutrition, and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
² MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a simple dietary advice with two energy-restricted diets with different carbohydrate and fiber contents on anthropometric, biochemical, and inflammatory markers over an 8-wk intervention period in individuals with diabetes.

Methods: Forty-seven patients with type 2 diabetes (31 women and 16 men; age: 52.9 ± 8.0 years, body mass index: 29.5 ± 4.9 kg.m^-2) completed an 8-wk randomized intervention trial that compared a simple dietary advice aimed to modulate carbohydrate intake (n = 13) with the two calorie-restricted (CR) diets (25% caloric restriction from total energy requirements) differing with regard to carbohydrate and fiber content, one with higher fiber (CRHF) containing 55% energy from carbohydrate plus a tablespoon of psyllium powder (n = 18) and the other with lower carbohydrate (CRLC) containing 40% energy from carbohydrate plus placebo powder (n = 16). Weight, plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, lipids, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined at baseline and after 8 weeks.

Results: The mean change of body weight and plasma lipids were not different between the groups. Fasting plasma insulin and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly lower in the CRHF group (changes from baseline values in simple advice, CRHF, and CRLC were 1.3 ± 1.9, -1.0 ± 1.2, and 0.3 ± 3.1 µIL/mL for insulin and 0.5 ± 0.7, -0.3 ± 0.6, and 0.2 ± 0.9 for HOMA-IR, respectively). The levels of IL-6 significantly decreased in the CRHF and CRLC groups (changes from baseline values in simple advice, CRHF, and CRLC were 7.5 ± 6.8, -1.2 ± 4.7, and -4.2 ± 5.6 pg/mL, respectively). TNF-α levels were significantly lower only in the CRHF compared to the advice group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: Our results suggest that in comparison with simple advice to modify carbohydrate intake, a calorie-restricted, moderate carbohydrate diet supplemented with psyllium has better effects on plasma insulin and pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Keywords: Diet, Dietary Advice; IL-6; Insulin; Psyllium; TNF-α; Type 2 Diabetes.