Background: Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction is a significant side effect of cranial irradiation for brain tumors. Clinically, pediatric patients are more vulnerable than adults. However, the underlying mechanisms of dysfunction, including reasons for age dependence, are still largely unknown. Previous studies have focused on the loss of hippocampal neuronal precursor cells and deficits in memory. However, survivors may also experience deficits in attention, executive function, or other non-hippocampal-dependent cognitive domains. We hypothesized that brain irradiation induces age-dependent deficits in cortical synaptic plasticity.
Methods: In vivo recordings were used to test neuronal plasticity along the direct pathway from the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1)/subicular region to the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Specifically, long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1/subicular-PFC pathway was assessed after cranial irradiation of juvenile and adult Sprague Dawley rats. We further assessed a potential role for glutamate toxicity by evaluating the potential neuroprotective effects of memantine.
Results: LTP was greatly inhibited in both adult and juvenile animals at 3 days after radiation but returned to near-normal levels by 8 weeks-only in adult rats. Memantine given before, but not after, irradiation partially prevented LTP inhibition in juvenile and adult rats.
Conclusion: Cranial radiation impairs neuroplasticity along the hippocampal-PFC pathway; however, its effects vary by age. Pretreatment with memantine offered protection to both juvenile and adult animals. Deficits in cortical plasticity may contribute to radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction, including deficits in attention and age-dependent sensitivity of such pathways, which may underlie differences in clinical outcomes between juveniles and adults after cranial irradiation.