Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in the neonatal intensive care unit that causes a high mortality of preterm infants and various chronic kidney diseases in adulthood. Preterm infants have immature development of the kidneys at birth. The kidneys continue to develop within a specific time window after birth. However, due to various factors during pregnancy and after birth, preterm infants tend to develop AKI. At present, serum creatinine and urine volume are used for the assessment of kidney injury, and their early sensitivity and specificity have attracted increasing attention. In recent years, various new biomarkers have been identified for early recognition of AKI. This article reviews the features, risk factors, renal function assessment, and prevention/treatment of AKI of preterm infants, in order to provide a reference for improving early diagnosis and treatment of AKI in preterm infants and long-term quality of life.
急性肾损伤（AKI）是新生儿重症监护病房常见的并发症，不仅造成早产儿高病死率，还引起成年后多种慢性肾疾病。早产儿出生时肾脏发育不成熟，在生后特定时间窗内肾脏持续加速发育，但受孕期和产后多种因素影响，容易发生急性肾损伤。目前传统的评价肾损伤的指标为血清肌酐和尿量，但其早期敏感性和特异性问题日渐受到关注。最近多种新的生物学标志物被发现可用来早期识别急性肾损伤，本文就早产儿急性肾损伤、影响因素及肾功能评价和防治进行概述，为提高早产儿急性肾损伤早期诊治水平和远期生存质量提供参考。