Overview of Drug Delivery Methods in Exotics, Including Their Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations

Abstract

Drug delivery to exotic animals may be extrapolated from domestic animals, but some physiologic and anatomic differences complicate treatment administration. Knowing these differences enables one to choose optimal routes for drug delivery. This review provides practitioners with a detailed review of the currently reported methods used for drug delivery of various medications in the most common exotic animal species. Exotic animal peculiarities that are relevant for drug administration are discussed in the text and outlined in tables and boxes to help the reader easily find targeted information.

Keywords: Anatomic differences; Drug delivery; Injectable route; Nebulization; Oral route; Topical; Transcutaneous; Transmucosal.