Molecular dynamics, coarse-grained to the level of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, shows that graphene oxide sheets, GOSs, can pierce through the phospholipid membrane and navigate the double layer only if the hydrophilic groups are randomly dispersed in the structure. Their behavior resembles that found in similar calculations for pristine graphene sheets. If the oxidation is located at the edge of the sheets, GOSs hover over the membrane and trigger a major reorganization of the lipids. The reorganization is the largest when the radius of the edge-functionalized sheet is similar to the length of the lipophilic chain of the lipids. In the reorganization, the heads of the lipid chains form dynamical structures that pictorially resemble the swirl of water flowing down a drain. All effects maximize the interaction between hydrophobic moieties on the one hand and lipophilic fragments on the other and are accompanied by a large number of lipid flip-flops. Possible biological consequences are discussed.
Keywords: coarse grain modeling; graphene oxide; membranes; molecular dynamics; nanotoxicity; phospholipids.