Synthesis and anti-mitotic activity of 2,4- or 2,6-disubstituted- and 2,4,6-trisubstituted-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridines

Abstract

An efficient synthetic route for the synthesis of 2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridines, primarily varying by the substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, is described here. A Sonogashira-type cross-coupling reaction was employed to yield 3-alkynyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes, ethanones and propanones from the corresponding 1H-pyrazol-3-yl trifluoromethanesulfonates. Subsequent treatment of the coupling products with dry ammonia afforded a versatile library of 2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridines, which were then evaluated for their cytotoxicity against K562 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. The most potent of these compounds displayed low micromolar GI₅₀ values in both cell lines. Active compounds induced dose-dependent cell-cycle arrest in mitosis, as shown by flow cytometric analysis of DNA content and phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine-10. Moreover, biochemical assays revealed increased activities of caspases-3/7 in treated cells, specific fragmentation of PARP-1, and phosphorylation of Bcl-2, collectively confirming apoptosis as the mechanism of cell death.

Keywords: Apoptosis; G2/M cell cycle arrest; Pyrazole; Structure-activity relationships.