An advection-deposition-survival model to assess the risk of introduction of vector-borne diseases through the wind: Application to bluetongue outbreaks in Spain

PLoS One. 2018 Mar 22;13(3):e0194573. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194573. eCollection 2018.

Abstract

This work develops a methodology for estimating risk of wind-borne introduction of flying insects into a country, identifying areas and periods of high risk of vector-borne diseases incursion. This risk can be characterized by the role of suitable temperatures and wind currents in small insects' survival and movements, respectively. The model predicts the number density of introduced insects over space and time based on three processes: the advection due to wind currents, the deposition on the ground and the survival due to climatic conditions. Spanish livestock has suffered many bluetongue outbreaks since 2004 and numerous experts point to Culicoides transported by wind from affected areas in North Africa as a possible cause. This work implements numerical experiments simulating the introduction of Culicoides in 2004. The model identified southern and eastern Spain, particularly between June and November, as being at greatest risk of wind-borne Culicoides introduction, which matches field data on bluetongue outbreaks in Spain this year. This validation suggests that this model may be useful for predicting introduction of airborne pathogens of significance to animal productivity.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Validation Study

MeSH terms

  • Africa, Northern / epidemiology
  • Agriculture / methods
  • Animals
  • Bluetongue / epidemiology*
  • Bluetongue / transmission
  • Bluetongue / virology
  • Bluetongue virus / pathogenicity*
  • Ceratopogonidae / virology*
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary*
  • Insect Vectors / pathogenicity*
  • Insect Vectors / virology
  • Models, Biological*
  • Risk Assessment / methods
  • Seasons
  • Sheep
  • Spain / epidemiology
  • Temperature
  • Wind*

Grants and funding

This work has been funded by the EU project “Understanding pathogen, livestock, environment interactions involving bluetongue” (PALE-BLU, H2020-SFS-2016-2); the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project MTM2015-64865-P); the Junta de Andalucía and European Regional Development Fund (project P12-TIC301); and the MOMAT research group (Ref. 910480), supported by the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.