Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer by ginsenoside Rh2

Tony Tong-Lin Wu; Yat-Ching Tong; I-Hung Chen; Ho-Shan Niu; Yingxiao Li; Juei-Tang Cheng

doi:10.18632/oncotarget.24326

Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer by ginsenoside Rh2

Oncotarget. 2018 Jan 27;9(13):11109-11118. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.24326. eCollection 2018 Feb 16.

Authors

Tony Tong-Lin Wu^{1

2

3}, Yat-Ching Tong⁴, I-Hung Chen⁴, Ho-Shan Niu⁵, Yingxiao Li⁶, Juei-Tang Cheng^{1

6}

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
² Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
³ Department of Urology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴ Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁵ Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.
⁶ Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.

Abstract

The therapeutic action of ginsenoside Rh2 on several cancer models has been reported. This study aimed to evaluate its apoptotic effect on prostate cancer and the underlying mechanism. Cultured DU145 cells were treated with Rh2 (5 × 10^-5 to 1 × 10^-4 M), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR-delta) antagonist GSK0660 (1 × 10^-6 to 5 × 10^-6 M); or small interfering RNA (siRNA) of PPAR-delta. The treatment effects were evaluated with cell viability assay, life/death staining and flow cytometry for apoptosis. Immunostaining was used for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide detection. Western blot analysis for PPAR-delta and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein expression were performed. The results showed that Rh2 significantly decreased DU145 cell survival and increased cell apoptosis. ROS and superoxide induction, PPAR-delta up-regulation and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) down-regulation by Rh2 were demonstrated. GSK0660 partially but significantly inhibited the Rh2-induced apoptosis and restored cell viability. Treatment with siRNA reversed the Rh2-induced apoptosis as well as changes in PPAR-delta and p-STAT3 expression. In conclusion, our findings have demonstrated that ginsenoside Rh2 induces prostate cancer DU145 cells apoptosis through up-regulation of PPAR-delta expression which is associated with p-STAT3 up-regulation and ROS/superoxide induction. Rh2 may be potentially useful in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Keywords: apoptosis; ginsenoside Rh2; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; prostate cancer.