Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of differential learning of toothbrushing compared to habitual toothbrushing and instruction/demonstration of toothbrushing on plaque reduction and gingival inflammation of primary school children.
Methods: Children (6-9 years) were subjected to a toothbrushing training consisting of 15 days (3 × 5 days, interval 2 days, 3 min/day) and randomly assigned to one of three groups (each n = 18): habitual toothbrushing/control, instruction/demonstration of toothbrushing, differential learning of toothbrushing. The differential learning approach comprised 15 different movement exercises (1/day), while instruction/demonstration of toothbrushing was based on repetitive practice of toothbrushing. Plaque (Turesky-modified Quigley-Hein plaque index (T-QHI)) and papilla bleeding (papilla bleeding index (PBI)) scores were assessed prior to the first toothbrushing (t0, baseline) and 21 (t1), 42 (t2) and 63 (t3) days after beginning of the study. Primary statistical analyses were performed with cumulative logit regression models with repeated measures. The global significance level was set to 5% two-sided.
Results: At all time points, PBI and T-QHI were significantly reduced by differential learning compared to instruction/demonstration of toothbrushing and habitual toothbrushing. Compared to baseline, differential learning improved PBI and T-QHI significantly at all time points. In the other groups, no significant reduction of PBI compared to baseline was observed. T-QHI was significantly reduced by habitual toothbrushing only at t1 and by instruction/demonstration of toothbrushing at t1 and t2. Differential learning had an improved effect on posterior compared to anterior teeth.
Conclusion: Differential learning of toothbrushing improved plaque reduction and reduced gingival inflammation compared to habitual toothbrushing and instruction/demonstration of toothbrushing in 6- to 9-year-old children in mixed dentition.
Clinical relevance: Toothbrushing skills of children might be improved by differential learning.
Trial registration: ISRCTN14951343, https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14951343?
Keywords: Child; Instruction; Learning; Movement; Oral hygiene.