Under-diagnosis of rickettsial disease in clinical practice: A systematic review

Abstract

Background: Rickettsial diseases present as acute febrile illnesses, sometimes with inoculation eschars.

Methods: We performed a systematic review of studies published between 1997 and 2017 to assess the underestimation of non-eschar rickettsial disease (NERD) relative to eschar rickettsial disease (ERD), as a cause of acute fever in patients with rickettsial diseases that commonly present with eschar(s): scrub typhus (ST), Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF), and African tick-bite fever. We compared ERD/NERD ratios according to study design: 'complete approach' studies, with testing performed in all patients with 'unspecified febrile illness'; versus 'clinical judgement' studies, with testing performed if patients presented with specific symptoms.

Results: In 'complete approach' studies, ERD/NERD ratios were significantly lower, suggesting a considerable under-diagnosis of NERD in 'clinical judgement' studies. Based on these results, we estimate that the diagnosis of rickettsial disease was missed in 66.5% of patients with ST, and in 57.9% of patients with MSF.

Conclusions: Study design influences the reported eschar rates in ST and MSF significantly. NERD is likely to be a vastly underdiagnosed entity, and clinicians should consider and test for the disease more often.

Prospero registration number: CRD 42016053348.

Keywords: ERD/NERD ratio; Eschar; Eschar-related rickettsial disease (ERD); Non-eschar rickettsial disease (NERD); Rickettsioses.