Development of an in vitro screening method of acute cytotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid lasiocarpine in human and rodent hepatic cell lines by increasing susceptibility

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant ingredients formed in many plant species to protect against predators. PAs are generally considered acutely hepatotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic. Up to now, only few in vitro and in vivo investigations were performed to evaluate their relative toxic potential.

Aim of the study: The aim was to develop an in vitro screening method of their cytotoxicity.

Materials and methods: Human and rodent hepatocyte cell lines (HepG2 and H-4-II-E) were used to assess cytotoxicity of the PA lasiocarpine. At concentrations of 25 µM up to even 2400 µM, no toxic effects in neither cell line was observed with standard cell culture media. Therefore, different approaches were investigated to enhance the susceptibility of cells to PA toxicity (using high-glucose or galactose-based media, induction of toxifying cytochromes, inhibition of metabolic carboxylesterases, and inhibition of glutathione-mediated detoxification).

Results: Galactose-based culture medium (11.1 mM) increased cell susceptibility in both cell-lines. Cytochrome P450-induction by rifampicin showed no effect. Inhibition of carboxylesterase-mediated PA detoxification by specific carboxylesterase 2 inhibitor loperamide (2.5 µM) enhanced lasiocarpine toxicity, whereas the unspecific carboxylesterase inhibitor bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP, 100 µM)) had a weaker effect. Finally, the inhibition of glutathione-mediated detoxification by buthionine sulphoximine (BSO, 100 µM) strongly enhanced lasiocarpine toxicity in H-4-II-E cells in low and medium, but not in high concentrations.

Conclusions: If no toxicity is observed under standard conditions, susceptibility enhancement by using galactose-based media, loperamide, and BSO may be useful to assess relative acute cytotoxicity of PAs in different cell lines.

Keywords: Cytotoxicity, in vitro, H-4-II-E cells; DL-buthionine sulphoximine (PubChem CID: 21157); HepG2 cells; Lasiocarpine (PubChem CID: 6321388); Loperamide hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 71420); Pyrrolizidine alkaloids; Rifampicin (PubChem CID: 5381226); bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate (PubChem CID: 255).