Roxadustat (FG-4592, Rox) is a stabilizer for hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs), which induce production of the erythroid growth factor erythropoietin, and has been listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a prohibited substance for athletes since 2011. Although the detection technologies for Rox and its glucuronide-conjugated metabolite (Rox-Gluc) have been developed exploiting triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS/MS), the production of metabolites from Rox in the human body remains to be clarified. Here, we established a protocol for the detection of unknown metabolites in plasma and urine samples from Rox-doping mice by global metabolomics using an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS). We identified methylated Rox (Rox-Methyl), a novel metabolite, and Rox-Gluc in mouse urine by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis based on detected features by UHPLC-QTOF/MS analysis. The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters of Rox-Methyl and Rox-Gluc in mouse plasma showed similar profiles to that of Rox and both compounds showed similar biological activities. Of note, Rox-Methyl showed shorter half-life than Rox-Gluc in vivo, implying the easy escape from anti-doping screen. These results demonstrate that the global metabolomics method introduced in this study will contribute to the identification and detection of HIF-analog doping.
Keywords: Roxadustat; UHPLC-QTOF/MS; doping; global metabolomics; hypoxia-inducing transcription factor.
© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Journal of Biochemistry.