Bright-field in situ hybridization (ISH) methods detect gene alterations that may improve diagnostic precision and personalized management of cancer patients. Areas covered: This review focuses on some bright-field ISH techniques for detection of gene amplification or viral infection that have already been introduced in tumor pathology, research and diagnostic practice. Other emerging ISH methods, for the detection of translocation, mRNA and microRNA have recently been developed and need both an optimization and analytical validation. The review also deals with their clinical applications and implications on the management of cancer patients. Expert commentary: The technology of bright-field ISH applications has advanced significantly in the last decade. For example, an automated dual-color assay was developed as a clinical test for selecting cancer patients that are candidates for personalized therapy. Recently an emerging bright-field gene-protein assay has been developed. This method simultaneously detects the protein, gene and centromeric targets in the context of tissue morphology, and might be useful in assessing the HER2 status particularly in equivocal cases or samples with heterogeneous tumors. The application of bright-field ISH methods has become the gold standard for the detection of tumor-associated viral infection as diagnostic or prognostic factors.
Keywords: Bright-field in situ hybridization; DNA detection; RNA detection; diagnostic precision; gene amplification; gene rearrangements; personalized treatment.