Lymphoid (or lymphocytic/lymphoblastic) leukemia, one of two major types of leukemias (lymphoid and myeloid), is divided into two subtypes, acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), depending on the maturation stage and speed of multiplication of the bone marrow lymphocytes. Early diagnosis and treatment can make the difference between life and death. Advancements in the field of proteomics may allow the development of early biomarkers and more effective agents to combat both these types of cancer, and to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease. The aim of this review was to elucidate the pathophysiology of lymphocytic leukemia using cancer proteomics techniques from 2007 until 2017. Only relevant original research articles archived in the Science Direct, PubMed and/or the Google Scholar databases within this period were included, which were a total of 30 studies. The role of proteomes in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of ALL and CLL was examined separately. Overall, the findings of this study confirm the viability of proteome analysis in profiling lymphocytic leukemia; and highlight novel leukemia biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.