Controlling and ultimately ending tuberculosis (TB) as a public health scourge will require a multifaceted and comprehensive approach involving the intensification of public health efforts, including scaling-up the delivery of current diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic tools. However, a critically important element in the effort to end TB is an accelerated biomedical research effort to address the many unanswered questions about the disease process itself and to develop improved and innovative countermeasures. An intensive effort toward these research goals will facilitate the achievement of the aspirational goal of ending TB.