The macroscopic description of buoyancy-driven thermal convection in porous media is governed by advection-diffusion processes, which in the presence of thermophysical heterogeneities fail to predict the onset of thermal convection and the average rate of heat transfer. This work extends the classical model of heat transfer in porous media by including a fractional-order advective-dispersive term to account for the role of thermophysical heterogeneities in shifting the thermal instability point. The proposed fractional-order model overcomes limitations of the common closure approaches for the thermal dispersion term by replacing the diffusive assumption with a fractional-order model. Through a linear stability analysis and Galerkin procedure, we derive an analytical formula for the critical Rayleigh number as a function of the fractional model parameters. The resulting critical Rayleigh number reduces to the classical value in the absence of thermophysical heterogeneities when solid and fluid phases have similar thermal conductivities. Numerical simulations of the coupled flow equation with the fractional-order energy model near the primary bifurcation point confirm our analytical results. Moreover, data from pore-scale simulations are used to examine the potential of the proposed fractional-order model in predicting the amount of heat transfer across the porous enclosure. The linear stability and numerical results show that, unlike the classical thermal advection-dispersion models, the fractional-order model captures the advance and delay in the onset of convection in porous media and provides correct scalings for the average heat transfer in a thermophysically heterogeneous medium.