Cleavage of the C-Terminal Fragment of Reovirus μ1 Is Required for Optimal Infectivity

Abstract

The mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) outer capsid, which is composed of 200 μ1/σ3 heterohexamers and a maximum of 12 σ1 trimers, contains all of the proteins that are necessary for attaching to and entering host cells. Following attachment, reovirus is internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis and acid-dependent cathepsin proteases degrade the σ3 protein. This process generates a metastable intermediate, called infectious subviral particle (ISVP), in which the μ1 membrane penetration protein is exposed. ISVPs undergo a second structural rearrangement to deposit the genome-containing core into the host cytoplasm. The conformationally altered particle is called ISVP*. ISVP-to-ISVP* conversion culminates in the release of μ1 N- and C-terminal fragments, μ1N and Φ, respectively. Released μ1N is thought to facilitate core delivery by generating size-selective pores within the endosomal membrane, whereas the precise role of Φ, particularly in the context of viral entry, is undefined. In this report, we characterize a recombinant reovirus that fails to cleave Φ from μ1 in vitro Φ cleavage, which is not required for ISVP-to-ISVP* conversion, enhances the disruption of liposomal membranes and facilitates the recruitment of ISVP*s to the site of pore formation. Moreover, the Φ cleavage-deficient strain initiates infection of host cells less efficiently than the parental strain. These results indicate that μ1N and Φ contribute to reovirus pore forming activity.IMPORTANCE Host membranes represent a physical barrier that prevents infection. To overcome this barrier, viruses utilize diverse strategies, such as membrane fusion or membrane disruption, to access internal components of the cell. These strategies are characterized by discrete protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. The mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) outer capsid undergoes a series of well-defined conformational changes, which conclude with pore formation and delivery of the viral genetic material. In this report, we characterize the role of the small, reovirus-derived Φ peptide in pore formation. Φ cleavage from the outer capsid enhances membrane disruption and facilitates the recruitment of virions to membrane-associated pores. Moreover, Φ cleavage promotes the initiation of infection. Together, these results reveal an additional component of the reovirus pore forming apparatus and highlight a strategy for penetrating host membranes.

Keywords: cell entry; membrane penetration; nonenveloped virus; pore-forming peptides; reovirus.