Synthesis and application of imidazolium-based ionic liquids as extraction solvent for pretreatment of triazole fungicides in water samples

Jiale Yang; Chen Fan; Dandan Kong; Gang Tang; Wenbing Zhang; Hongqiang Dong; You Liang; Deng Wang; Yongsong Cao

doi:10.1007/s00216-017-0820-x

Synthesis and application of imidazolium-based ionic liquids as extraction solvent for pretreatment of triazole fungicides in water samples

Anal Bioanal Chem. 2018 Feb;410(6):1647-1656. doi: 10.1007/s00216-017-0820-x. Epub 2018 Jan 2.

Authors

Jiale Yang¹, Chen Fan¹, Dandan Kong¹, Gang Tang¹, Wenbing Zhang¹, Hongqiang Dong¹, You Liang¹, Deng Wang¹, Yongsong Cao²

Affiliations

¹ College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
² College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China. caoysong@126.com.

PMID: 29294183
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0820-x

Abstract

Five novel ionic liquids (ILs), 1,3-dibutylimidazolium bromide [BBMIm][Br], 1-pentyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide [BPMIm][Br], 1-hexyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide [BHMIm][Br], 1,1'-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(3-butylimidazolium) bromide [C₄(BMIm)₂][Br₂], and 1,1'-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(3-methylimidazolium) bromide [C₄(MIm)₂][Br₂], were prepared and used in situ to react with bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide lithium salt to extract the myclobutanil, tebuconazole, cyproconazole, and prothioconazole from water samples. The results showed that mono-cationic ILs had much better recovery than dicationic ILs, and mono-imidazolium IL bearing butyl groups at N-1 and N-3 sites had the best recovery. When the length of the alkyl substituent group was more than four carbons at N-3 site, the recovery decreased with increase of alkyl chain length of 1-butylimidazolium IL. The extraction efficiency order of triazoles from high to low was [BBMIm][Br], [BPMIm][Br], [BHMIm][Br], [BMIm][Br] (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide), [C₄(BMIm)₂]Br₂, [C₄(MIm)₂]Br₂. An in situ ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with ultrasmall superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ was established as a pretreatment method for enrichment of triazole fungicides in water samples by using the synthetic [BBMIm][Br] as the cationic IL and used to detect analytes followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method showed a good linearity within a range of 5-250 μg L^-1, with the determination coefficient (r²) varying from 0.998 to 0.999. High mean enrichment factors were achieved ranging from 187 to 323, and the recoveries of the target analytes from real water samples at spiking levels of 10.0, 20.0, and 50.0 μg L^-1 were between 70.1% and 115.0%. The limits of detection for the analytes were 0.74-1.44 μg L^-1, and the intra-day relative standard deviations varied from 5.23% to 8.65%. The proposed method can be further applied to analyze and monitor pesticides in other related samples. Graphical Abstract The scheme of the in-situ DLLME method for the determination of triazoles using the imidazolium-based ionic liquids.

Keywords: In situ ionic liquid–dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; Ionic liquids; Pretreatment; Triazole fungicides; Ultrasmall superparamagnetic Fe3O4.