Shape and structural motifs control of MgTi bimetallic nanoparticles using hydrogen and methane as trace impurities

Gopi Krishnan; Sytze de Graaf; Gert H Ten Brink; Marcel A Verheijen; Bart J Kooi; George Palasantzas

doi:10.1039/c7nr06771b

Shape and structural motifs control of MgTi bimetallic nanoparticles using hydrogen and methane as trace impurities

Nanoscale. 2018 Jan 18;10(3):1297-1307. doi: 10.1039/c7nr06771b.

Authors

Gopi Krishnan¹, Sytze de Graaf, Gert H Ten Brink, Marcel A Verheijen, Bart J Kooi, George Palasantzas

Affiliation

¹ Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands. gopi.k.krish@gmail.com.

PMID: 29293254
DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06771b

Abstract

In this work we report the influence of methane/hydrogen on the nucleation and formation of MgTi bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by gas phase synthesis. We show that a diverse variety of structural motifs can be obtained from MgTi alloy, TiC_x/Mg/MgO, TiC_x/MgO and TiH_x/MgO core/shell NPs via synthesis using CH₄/H₂ as a trace gas, and with good control of the final NP morphology and size distribution. Moreover, depending on the concentration of Ti and type of employed trace gas, the as prepared MgTi NPs can be tuned from truncated hexagonal pyramid to triangular and hexagonal platelet shapes. The shape of MgTi NPs is identified using detailed analysis from selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns and tomography (3D reconstruction based on a tilt series of Bright-Field transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs). We observe the truncated hexagonal pyramid as a shape of MgTi alloy NPs in contrast to Mg NPs that show a hexagonal prismatic shape. Moreover, based on our experimental observations and generic geometrical model analysis, we also prove that the formation of the various structural motifs is based on a sequential growth mechanism instead of phase separation. One of the prime reasons for such mechanism is based on the inadequacy of Mg to nucleate without template in the synthesis condition. In addition, the shape of the TiC_x/TiH_x core, and the concentration of Mg have strong influence on the shape evolution of TiC_x/MgO and TiH_x/MgO NPs compared to TiC_x/Mg/MgO NPs, where the thermodynamics and growth rates of the Mg crystal planes dominate the final shape. Finally, it is demonstrated that the core shape of TiC_x and TiH_x is affected by the Mg/Ti target ratio (affecting the composition in the plasma), and the type of the trace gas employed. In the case of CH₄ the TiC_x core forms a triangular platelet, while in the case of H₂ the TiH_x core transforms into a hexagonal platelet. We elucidate the reason for the TiC_x/TiH_x core shape based on the presence of (i) defects, and (ii) hydrogen and carbon adsorption on {111} planes that alter the growth rates and surface facet stabilization.