It is urgent to find an optimised therapy regimen for the control of MDR-TB globally. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiacy and safety of a combined regimen of rhIL-2 injection and standard chemotherapy within 18-month duration in a randomized controlled trial conducted in 14 centres in eastern China. From Jan. 2009 to July. 2016, 271 MDR-TB cases were enrolled and followed up in two groups, 142 cases in study group while 129 cases in control group. Clinical efficacy, safety and immune activity (Th1, Th17, Treg, IFN-γ, IL-17) among the two groups were evaluated and compared. After 24-month following up, cure rate in IL-2 group show higher than that in control group (56% VS 36%, P < 0.01). Rate of mycobacterium clearance (sputum negative) within 3 months was significantly higher in IL-2 group (74% VS 59%, P < 0.05) with no adverse events raised. Patients after rhIL-2 treatment showed increasing of Th1 populations and decreasing of Th17 and Regulatory T cells (Treg) populations, while levels of IL-17A, ROR-γt, and Foxp3 mRNA decreased and level of IFN-γ mRNA increased in PBMCs. Thus, rhIL-2 combined regimen within shorter duration achieved high conversion and success rates and improved Th1/Th17 immune responses, with no safety concerns emerging in MDR-TB patients.