Insights into the uptake, metabolization, and translocation of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cress (Lepidium sativum) by HPLC-MS2

Abstract

The metabolization of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by cress (Lepidium sativum) was investigated using a HPLC-MS² method. Cress was grown hydroponically in water containing 0.1 mg/L of each drug for investigations on the kinetics of drug uptake and metabolization over a growing period of 12 days. It could be shown that the parent drugs are metabolized and the abundance of both the parent drug and the metabolites formed, varies over time. Furthermore the distribution of the investigated substances within the different plant parts changed throughout the duration of the experiment due to translocation. Finally cress was cultivated in a solution containing the four drugs in concentrations as low as 0.001 mg/L to resemble the situation in real reclaimed wastewaters. Employing a QuEChERS approach for sample extraction and HPLC-MS² in the multiple reaction monitoring mode allowed detecting nine metabolites in this cress sample.

Keywords: Environmental analysis; Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Plant metabolism; Xenobiotics.