Distinguishing between causal and non-causal associations: implications for sports medicine clinicians

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
• ² Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports and Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Science, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• ³ Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.