Pain in Birds: The Anatomical and Physiological Basis

Jamie M Douglas; David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman; Joanne R Paul-Murphy

doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2017.08.008

Pain in Birds: The Anatomical and Physiological Basis

Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2018 Jan;21(1):17-31. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2017.08.008.

Authors

Jamie M Douglas¹, David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman¹, Joanne R Paul-Murphy²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
² Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Electronic address: paulmurphy@ucdavis.edu.

PMID: 29146030
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2017.08.008

Abstract

This article reviews the current understanding of the anatomy and physiology of pain in birds, with consideration of some of its differences from mammalian pain. From transduction to transmission, modulation, projection, and perception, birds possess the neurologic components necessary to respond to painful stimuli and they likely perceive pain in a manner similar to mammals. This article also describes the current understating of opioid receptors, inflammatory mediators, and additional factors in the modulation of pain in avian species.

Keywords: Avian; CNS; Nociception; PNS; Pain.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Animals
Birds / anatomy & histology*
Birds / physiology*
Pain / physiopathology
Pain / veterinary*